Reference Publication(s)

Cao YL, Li YL, Fan YF, Li Z, Yoshida K, Wang JY, Ma XK, Wang N, Mitsuda N, Kotake T, Ishimizu T, Tsai KC, Niu SC, Zhang D, Sun WH, Luo Q, Zhao JH, Yin Y, Zhang B, Wang JY, Qin K, An W, He J, Dai GL, Wang YJ, Shi ZG, Jiao EN, Wu PJ, Liu X, Liu B, Liao XY, Jiang YT, Yu X, Hao Y, Xu XY, Zou SQ, Li MH, Hsiao YY, Lin YF, Liang CK, Chen YY, Wu WL, Lu HC, Lan SR, Wang ZW, Zhao X, Zhong WY, Yeh CM, Tsai WC, Van de Peer Y, Liu ZJ. Wolfberry genomes and the evolution of Lycium (Solanaceae). Commun Biol. 2021 Jun 3;4(1):671. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02152-8.

Abstract

Wolfberry Lycium, an economically important genus of the Solanaceae family, contains approximately 80 species and shows a fragmented distribution pattern among the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Although several herbaceous species of Solanaceae have been subjected to genome sequencing, thus far, no genome sequences of woody representatives have been available. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 13 perennial woody species of Lycium, with a focus on Lycium barbarum. Integration with other genomes provides clear evidence supporting a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared by all hitherto sequenced solanaceous plants, which occurred shortly after the divergence of Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae. We identified new gene families and gene family expansions and contractions that first appeared in Solanaceae. Based on the identification of self-incompatibility related-gene families, we inferred that hybridization hotspots are enriched for genes that might be functioning in gametophytic self-incompatibility pathways in wolfberry. Extremely low expression of LOCULE NUBER (LC) and COLORLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR) orthologous genes during Lycium fruit development and ripening processes suggests functional diversification of these two genes between Lycium and tomato. The existence of additional flowering locus C-like MADS-box genes might correlate with the perennial flowering cycle of Lycium. Differential gene expression involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway between Lycium and tomato likely illustrates woody and herbaceous differentiation. We also provide evidence that Lycium migrated from Africa into Asia, and subsequently from Asia into North America. Our results provide functional insights into Solanaceae origins, evolution and diversification.

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